Umhlaba we-Rocky Ridge kwi-antarctica i-antarctica ayikaze iqulethe i-microorganisms.
Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, izazinzulu zifumanise ukuba kubonakala ngathi akukho bubomi emhlabeni kumhlaba womhlaba. Umhlaba uvela kwimimoya emibini, enamatye kwi-Antarctica ingaphakathi ka-Antarctica, i-300 yeekhilomitha ukusuka kwiPole yaseMazantsi, apho amawaka eenyawo ze-ice engena ezintabeni.
“People have always thought that microbes were hardy and could live anywhere,” says Noah Firer, a microbial ecologist at the University of Colorado Boulder whose team studies soil. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, izinto ezinqabileyo eziziintloko zifunyenwe zihlala kwi-hydrothermal vents kunye namaqondo obushushu e-Antarctica, nakwiinyawo ezili-120,000 ngaphezulu kweenyawo zomhlaba. Kodwa emva konyaka womsebenzi, i-ferfer kunye ne-donctoli yakhe yomfundi uNicholas Dragon Akevanga naziphi na iimpawu zobomi kumhlaba weAntarctic abaqokelelweyo.
Umlilo kunye nokutsala i-DROOSONALS efunda imihlaba evela kwiintaba ezili-11 ezahlukeneyo, zibonisa uluhlu olubanzi lweemeko. Ezo zivela kwiindawo ezisezantsi nezingaphantsi zentaba zine-bacteria kunye nefungi. Kodwa kwezinye iintaba eziphezulu zeyona ntaba iphakamileyo, idrafti nezandayo nezandayo nezandayo. Akukho zimpawu zobomi.
"Asinakuthi basile," watsho uFirsere. Ii-microbiogists ziqhele ukufumana izigidi zeeseli kwitispuni yomhlaba. Ke ngoko, inqaku elincinci kakhulu (umzekelo: iiseli ezili-100 ezisebenzayo) zinokufunyanwa. "Kodwa ngokwazi kwethu, abanazo naziphi na ii-microorganisms."
Ukuba omnye umhlaba ungenabomi obuthile okanye kamva ufunyenwe ukuba iqulethe ezinye iiseli ezisindileyo, iziphumo ezintsha ezipapashwe kwijenali ijenali i-Jgr biosviences zinokunceda ekufuneni ubomi kwi-Mars. Umhlaba weAnticctic unomkhenkce ngokusisigxina, ugcwele iityuwa ezityhefu, kwaye ebengabi namanzi amanzi amaninzi kangangesigidi ezibini iminyaka emibini.
Baqokelelwa ngexesha lohambo olusisiseko lwenzululwazi yesiseko ngoJanuwari ngo-2018 ukuya kwiindawo ezikude zentaba yokudlula. Badlula ngaphakathi kwilizwekazi, bahlukanisa ithafa eliphezulu eliPhezulu empuma ukusuka kwi-ice enamazantsi entshona. Izazinzulu zimisa inkampu kwi-shackleton glacier, ibhanti ye-60 yemithi yokuhambisa umkhenkce ohamba phantsi kwentaba ezintabeni. Babesebenzisa ihelikoptas ukuba babhabhe ukuya kwizinto eziphakamileyo kwaye baqokelele iisampulu ukuya phezulu nangaphantsi kwi-glacier.
Kwiintaba ezifudumeleyo, ezimanzi emazantsi eqatha, ikhulu nje leenyawo ngaphezu kwembewu yolwandle, bafumanisa ukuba umhlaba umiswe zizilwanyana ezincinci kune-sesame ye-sessome, i-microscopic enemikhono, i-ragubrades, i-ragubers kunye neempethu ezincinci. ebizwa ngokuba yingxowa. Izinambuzane ezinamaphiko. Ezi zinto zingenanto, i-SANDY SANDY iqulethe ngaphantsi kwewaka leliyi-iwaka inani lebhaktiriya efunyenwe kwi-lawn enesidima, yanele ukuba ibonelele ngokutya amaHibbivores amancinci awondla ngaphantsi komhlaba.
Kodwa ezi zibonakaliso zobomi ngokuthe ngcembe zanyamalala njengoko iqela lityelele iintaba eziphakamileyo kwi-glacier. Phezu kweqaqaba, batyelela iintaba ezimbini-ntabeni ye-schroeder kunye neNtaba yeRoberts - ezingaphezulu kwe-7,000 yeenyawo ukuphakama.
Ukutyelelwa kweNtaba ye-Schroeder yayiyi-charutal, khumbula i-Byron i-Adams, i-biologist eBrigham kwiYunivesithi yaseProdo, i-Utah, eyakhokelela le projekthi. Iqondo lobushushu kulo mhla wehlobo lukufutshane ne-0 ° F. Umoya wokuqina wawubeka kancinci kancinci umkhenkce kunye nekhephu, eshiya iintaba ezingenanto, isoyikiso esihlala siphakamisa ukuphakamisa nokuphosa iifotsholo zegadi ezazizisela isanti. Umhlaba ugutyungelwe amatye entaba yentaba-mlilo ebomvu efakwe ngaphezulu kwamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka ngomoya nemvula, ebashiya bagxunyekile kwaye baphoswa.
Xa izazinzulu ziphakamisa iliwa, bafumanisa ukuba isiseko sayo sasigqunywe ngumngxunya we-testals emhlophe-enetyhefu ye-perchidlote, clorate, kunye ne-nitrate. I-Pernclorat kunye ne-chlorates, ii-scores ezisebenzayo ezisetyenziswa kwi-rocket ipetroli kunye ne-bleach yemveliso yobugcisa, ikwafumaneka kwintabalala engaphezulu kweMars. Ngaphandle kwamanzi okuhlamba, ityuwa iqokelela kwezi ntaba zomileyo zeAntarctic.
"Kufana nesampulu kwiMars," utshilo uAdams. Xa unamathele ifosholo ngaphakathi, "Uyazi ukuba uyinto yokuqala ukuphazamisa umhlaba ngonaphakade - mhlawumbi izigidi zeminyaka."
Abaphandi bacebise ukuba kwanokuba neziphakamiso eziphakamileyo ezinjalo nakwiimeko ezinobungozi, beziza kufumana ii-microorganism eziphilayo emhlabeni. Kodwa ezo zinto zilindelekileyo zaqala ukuphela kwexesha lasemva kwexesha ka-2018, xa iDragon isebenzise ubuchule ebizwa ngokuba yi-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ukufumana i-DNA ye-microfial. I-Dragon ivavanye iisampulu ezingama-204 ezivela ezintabeni ezingaphezulu nangaphantsi kweglasi. Iisampulu ezivela kwiintaba ezisezantsi, ezipholileyo zivelisa isixa esikhulu seDNA; Kodwa uninzi lweesampulu (iipesenti ezingama-20) ukusuka kwi-rocroedees ephezulu, kubandakanya uninzi oluvela kwiNtaba yeSchroeder kunye neRoberts Massif, ayivavanywanga naziphi na iziphumo, zibonisa ukuba zimbalwa kakhulu.
"Xa waqala ukundibonisa ezinye iziphumo, ndacinga, 'kukho into engalunganga,' utshilo uFerrell. Wayecinga ukuba kufuneka kubekho into engalunganga ngesampulu okanye izixhobo zelebhu.
IDragon emva koko iqhube uthotho lwezinto ezongezelelekileyo zokukhangela iimpawu zobomi. Wawuphatha umhlaba ngeglucose ukubona ukuba ukuba izinto ezithile zomzimba emhlabeni ziyiguqula i-carbon diokside. Wayezama ukufumana iikhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuba yi-ATP, esetyenziswa ngabo bonke ubomi emhlabeni ukuze bagcine amandla. Kwiinyanga ezininzi, wahlakulela amaqhekeza omhlaba kwimixube eyahlukeneyo yesondlo, ezama ukweyisela i-microrganisms ekhoyo ukuba ikhule ibe yikholoni.
"UNick waphosa ikhitshi kule sampuli," utshilo uFerrell. Ngaphandle kwazo zonke ezi mvavanyo, akazange afumane nto emenye imihlaba. "Iyamangalisa ngokwenene."
IGacqueline Gudelial, i-microbiogist yendalo esingqongileyo kwiDyunivesithi yaseGuelph eCanada, ibiza iziphumo "ezigungqileyo, Wafumanisa ukuba uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nokugxininiswa okuphezulu kwe-clorate yayiyeyona uqikelelo lomeleleyo lokusilela ukufumana ubomi. "Oku kukufumanisa okunomdla kakhulu," Kumkani mhle wathi. "Oku kusixelela okuninzi malunga nemida yobomi emhlabeni."
Akaqinisekanga ngokupheleleyo ukuba umhlaba wabo ungaphili, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yamava akhe kwelinye icandelo leAntarctica.
Kwiminyaka eliqela eyadlulayo, wafunda imihlaba kwindawo efanayo kwiNtaba yeTranscictic, indawo eyima emantla ntshona ye-shackleton ebizwa ngokuba yi-vackid yeyunivesithi enokuthi ingafumani mfuneko yeminyaka eli-120,000. Xa wambetha kangangeenyanga ezingama-20 nge-23 ° F, ubushushu behlobo oqhelekileyo kwintlambo, umhlaba wawungaboni zimpawu zobomi. Kodwa xa wayefudumele iisampulu zomhlaba ezinqumeni ezimbalwa ngaphezulu kwenkunkuma, abanye babonisa ukukhula kwentsholongwane.
Umzekelo, izazinzulu zifumanise ukuba iiseli zentsholongwane zihlala ziphila kwanasemva kweminyaka engama-glaciers. Xa zivaliwe, imetabolism yeseli inokucothisa amaxesha esigidi amaxesha. Bangena kwimo engasakhuli, kodwa kuphela komonakalo we-DNA obangelwe yi-cosmic rays nxiba umkhenkce. Kumkho mvulelo ukuba ezi "zisindileyo ezihamba kancinci" zinokuba zezona zifumaneka kwiNkasi yeKholeji - iyakrokrela ukuba i-roberds ihlalutye intaba enkulu okanye i-schroeder ntaba.
I-Brent Cestranuner, efunda intsholongwane eAntiric kwiDyunivesithi yaseFlorida eFinesville, ikholelwa ekubeni imihlaba ephezulu inokunceda ukuphucula ubomi bobomi kwiMars.
Uye waphawula ukuba i-viking 1 kwaye ivimba i-spaike 2 spacecraft, eyafunyanwa kwi-Mars ngo-1976, yazivavanya ngobomi obusekwe kwinxalenye yomhlaba ophantsi kufutshane nonxweme lweAntarctica, ummandla obizwa ngokuba ziintlambo ezomileyo. Eminye yale mihlaba iba manzi ukusuka emanzini amthanga ehlotyeni. Aziqulatha kuphela i-microorganisms, kodwa kwezinye iindawo kunye neempethu ezincinci nezinye izilwanyana.
Ngokwahlukileyo, umhlaba owomileyo, owomileyo weNtaba yeRoberts kunye neNtaba yeSchroeder inokubonelela ngezizathu ezingcono zokuvavanya izixhobo ze-Martian.
"Umphezulu weMars ubi kakhulu," utshilo uChristiane. "Akukho mzimba wilizwe elinokusinda kumphezulu" -ine-intshi ephezulu okanye ezimbini. Nakuphi na ukuqhubeka kwendawo apho kufuna ubomi bobomi kufuneka kulungele ukusebenza kwezinye zendawo ezinobunkunkqele emhlabeni.
Ilungelo lokushicilela © 1996-2015 kuluntu lwejografi leSizwe. Ilungelo lokushicilela © Amahlakani kaZwelonke, i-LLC, 2015-2023. Onke Amalungelo Agciniwe.