Unjingalwazi uTiffany Shaw, uNjingalwazi, iSebe leGeoscience, kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago
I-hemisphere esemazantsi yindawo enesiphithiphithi kakhulu.Imimoya ekwizibanzi ezahlukeneyo ichazwe “njengezidanga ezingamashumi amane”, “amashumi amahlanu anezidanga ezinomsindo”, “nokukhwaza amashumi amathandathu degrees”.Amaza afikelela kwiimitha ezingama-78 (iimitha ezingama-24).
Njengoko sonke siyazi, akukho nto kwi-hemisphere esenyakatho inokufanisa iziphepho ezinamandla, umoya kunye namaza asezantsi kwi-hemisphere.Ngoba?
Kuphononongo olutsha olupapashwe kwiiProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, oogxa bam kunye nam sifumanisa ukuba kutheni izaqhwithi zixhaphake kakhulu kwi-hemisphere esezantsi kunasemantla.
Ukudibanisa imigca emininzi yobungqina obuvela kwimibono, ithiyori, kunye neemodeli zemozulu, iziphumo zethu zikhomba indima ebalulekileyo ye-oceanic "amabhanti okuhambisa" kunye neentaba ezinkulu kumntla we-hemisphere.
Kwakhona sibonisa ukuba, ekuhambeni kwexesha, izaqhwithi ezikumazantsi eikhweyitha zaba qatha ngakumbi, ngoxa ezo zikumntla weIkhweyitha azibanga njalo.Oku kuhambelana nomzekelo wemozulu wokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Olu tshintsho lubalulekile kuba siyazi ukuba izaqhwithi ezinamandla zinokukhokelela kwiimpembelelo ezinzima ezifana nemimoya ebhudla ngamandla, amaqondo obushushu kunye nemvula.
Ixesha elide, uninzi lokuqwalaselwa kwemozulu eMhlabeni kwenziwa emhlabeni.Oku kwanika izazinzulu umfanekiso ocacileyo wesaqhwithi esikwilizwe elingasentla.Noko ke, kuMazantsi eIkhweyitha, ogubungela umhlaba omalunga nama-20 ekhulwini, asizange siwufumane umfanekiso ocacileyo wezaqhwithi de kwafumaneka uhlolisiso lwesatellite ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970.
Ukususela kumashumi eminyaka yokubonwa ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha lesathelayithi, siyazi ukuba izivunguvungu ezikumazantsi e-hemisphere zimalunga neepesenti ezingama-24 ezinamandla kunezo ezikumantla e-hemisphere.
Oku kubonisiwe kule mephu ingezantsi, ebonisa umndilili wonyaka wokuqina kwesaqhwithi kuMazantsi eIkhweyitha (phezulu), uMntla weIkhweyitha (embindini) kunye nomahluko phakathi kwawo (ezantsi) ukusuka ku-1980 ukuya ku-2018. (Qaphela ukuba i-South Pole iku- umphezulu wothelekiso phakathi kwemephu yokuqala neyokugqibela.)
Imephu ibonisa ubunzulu obuphezulu obuzingisileyo bezaqhwithi kuLwandlekazi oluMazantsi kuMazantsi eHemisphere kunye nokuxinana kwazo kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki nolwandle lweAtlantiki (olunombala orenji) kuMntla weIkhweyitha.Umahluko wemephu ubonisa ukuba izaqhwithi zinamandla kwi-Hemisphere eseMazantsi kune-Northern Hemisphere (i-orenji yomthunzi) kwiindawo ezininzi.
Nangona kukho iithiyori ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, akukho mntu unika ingcaciso ecacileyo yomahluko kwizivunguvungu phakathi kweehemispheres ezimbini.
Ukufumanisa izizathu kubonakala kungumsebenzi onzima.Uyiqonda njani inkqubo entsonkothe ​​ngolo hlobo ethabatha amawaka eekhilomitha njengomoya ojikeleze umhlaba?Asikwazi ukubeka umhlaba kwingqayi kwaye siwufunde.Nangona kunjalo, le yinto kanye eyenziwa zizazinzulu ezifunda i-physics yemozulu.Sisebenzisa imithetho yefiziksi kwaye siyisebenzise ukuqonda umoya ojikeleze umhlaba kunye nemozulu.
Owona mzekelo udumileyo wale ndlela ngumsebenzi wobuvulindlela kaGqr. Shuro Manabe, owafumana iBhaso likaNobel kwiFiziksi ngowama-2021 “ngenxa yoqikelelo lwakhe oluthembekileyo lokufudumala kwehlabathi.”Uqikelelo lwayo lusekwe kwiimodeli ezibonakalayo zemozulu yoMhlaba, ukusuka kwiimodeli ezilula ezinomgangatho omnye wobushushu ukuya kwiimodeli ezinomacala amathathu apheleleyo.Ifunda impendulo yemozulu ekunyukeni kwamanqanaba ekharbon diokside esibhakabhakeni kusetyenziswa iimodeli zobunzima bomzimba obahlukeneyo kwaye ibeke iliso kwimiqondiso evelayo evela kwiziganeko zomzimba ezingaphantsi.
Ukuze siqonde ngakumbi izaqhwithi kuMazantsi eIkhweyitha, siye saqokelela ubungqina obuninzi, kuquka nolwazi oluvela kwiimodeli zemozulu ezisekelwe kwifiziksi.Kwinqanaba lokuqala, sifunda imigqaliselo malunga nendlela amandla asasazwa ngayo kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Kuba uMhlaba uyingqukuva, umphezulu wawo ufumana imitha yelanga engalinganiyo eLangeni.Amandla amaninzi afunyanwa aze afunxe kwi-ikhweyitha, apho imitha yelanga ibetha ngokuthe ngqo ngaphezulu.Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iipali ezibetha ukukhanya kwii-engile ezinyukayo zifumana amandla amancinci.
Uphando lwamashumi eminyaka lubonise ukuba amandla esiqhwithi avela kulo mahluko kumandla.Ngokusisiseko, baguqula amandla "amile" agcinwe kulo mahluko abe yi "kinetic" yamandla okunyakaza.Olu tshintsho lwenzeka ngenkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi "baroclinic instability".
Le mbono ibonisa ukuba ukukhanya kwelanga akunakukwazi ukuchaza inani elikhulu lezaqhwithi kuMazantsi eIkhweyitha, ekubeni yomibini le mimandla ifumana umlinganiselo ofanayo wokukhanya kwelanga.Endaweni yoko, uhlalutyo lwethu lokujonga lubonisa ukuba umahluko phakathi kwesivunguvungu esinamandla phakathi komzantsi nasenyakatho unokuba ngenxa yezinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.
Okokuqala, ukuthuthwa kwamandla olwandle, okuhlala kubizwa ngokuba yi "conveyor belt."Amanzi atshona kufuphi neNorth Pole, aqukuqela emgangathweni wolwandle, anyuke ajikeleze i-Antarctica, aze abuyele emantla ecaleni kwe-ikhweyitha, ephethe amandla ngawo.Isiphumo sokugqibela kukugqithiselwa kwamandla ukusuka e-Antarctica ukuya kwi-North Pole.Oku kudala umahluko omkhulu wamandla phakathi kweikhweyitha neepali ezikuMmandla weIkhweyitha osemaZantsi kunakuMntla weIkhweyitha, nto leyo ephumela kwizaqhwithi eziqatha kuMazantsi eIkhweyitha.
Uthunywashe wesibini ziintaba ezinkulu ezikumntla weikhweyitha, ezithi, njengoko ingxelo yangaphambili kaManabe ibonisa, zithomalalise izaqhwithi.Imisinga yomoya phezu kweentaba ezinkulu idala ukuphakama okuzinzileyo kunye namazantsi anciphisa ubungakanani bamandla akhoyo kwiizaqhwithi.
Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo lwedatha ephawulweyo kuphela alukwazi ukuqinisekisa ezi zizathu, kuba izinto ezininzi zisebenza kwaye zisebenzisana ngaxeshanye.Kwakhona, asinakungabandakanyi izizathu zokuvavanya ukubaluleka kwazo.
Ukwenza oku, kufuneka sisebenzise imodeli yemozulu ukuze sifunde ukuba izaqhwithi zitshintsha njani xa kususwa izinto ezahlukeneyo.
Xa sasigudisa iintaba zomhlaba kumlinganiso, umahluko kukuqina kwesaqhwithi phakathi kwehemispheres wehla ngesiqingatha.Xa sasisusa ibhanti lokuhambisa lolwandle, esinye isiqingatha somahluko wesaqhwithi sasiphelile.Ngaloo ndlela, okwesihlandlo sokuqala, sifumana ingcaciso ebambekayo yezaqhwithi kummandla osemazantsi welizwe.
Kuba izaqhwithi zinxulunyaniswa neempembelelo ezimandla zentlalo ezifana nemimoya ebhudla ngamandla, amaqondo obushushu kunye nemvula, umbuzo obalulekileyo emasiwuphendule kukuba ingaba izaqhwithi zexesha elizayo ziya kuba namandla okanye zibe buthathaka.
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Isixhobo esibalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni uluntu ukuba lujamelane nemiphumo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kukubonelelwa kweengqikelelo ezisekelwe kwiimodeli zemozulu.Uphononongo olutsha lucebisa ukuba i-avareji yezaqhwithi ze-hemisphere ye-hemisphere iya kuba namandla ngakumbi ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kuqikelelwa ukuba utshintsho kumlinganiselo wonyaka wezaqhwithi kuMntla weIkhweyitha.Oku ngokuyinxenye kungenxa yokukhuphisana kweziphumo zamaxesha onyaka phakathi kokufudumala kwiindawo ezitshisayo, okwenza izaqhwithi zomelele, kunye nokufudumala okukhawulezileyo kwi-Arctic, ezenza zibe buthathaka.
Nangona kunjalo, imozulu yalapha kwaye ngoku iyatshintsha.Xa sijonga utshintsho kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, sifumanisa ukuba izivunguvungu eziqhelekileyo ziye zaqina ngakumbi kwixesha lonyaka kwi-hemisphere esezantsi, ngelixa utshintsho kwi-hemisphere esenyakatho alunanto, luhambelana nokuqikelelwa kwemodeli yemozulu ngexesha elifanayo. .
Nangona iimodeli zijongela phantsi umqondiso, zibonisa utshintsho olwenzekayo ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo zomzimba.Oko kukuthi, iinguqu kulwandlekazi zonyusa izaqhwithi ngenxa yokuba amanzi ashushu ahamba esiya kwi-ikhweyitha kwaye amanzi abandayo aziswa kumphezulu ojikeleze i-Antarctica ukuze athathe indawo yawo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-ikhweyitha neepali.
KuMntla weIkhweyitha, ukutshintsha kweelwandlekazi kuthintelwa kukulahlekelwa ngumkhenkce nekhephu elwandle, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iArctic ifunxe ngakumbi ukukhanya kwelanga ize iwenze buthathaka umahluko phakathi kweikhweyitha neepali.
Iingxaki zokufumana impendulo echanekileyo ziphezulu.Kuya kubaluleka kumsebenzi wexesha elizayo ukugqiba ukuba kutheni iimodeli zingaphantsi kwesignali ephawulweyo, kodwa kuya kubaluleka ngokulinganayo ukufumana impendulo efanelekileyo ngenxa yezizathu ezifanelekileyo zomzimba.
Xiao, T. et al.(2022) Izaqhwithi kwi-Hemisphere eseMazantsi ngenxa yokwakheka komhlaba kunye nokujikeleza kolwandle, Iinkqubo zeNational Academy of Sciences yaseUnited States of America, doi: 10.1073/pnas.2123512119
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Fumana izishwankathelo ezigcinwe kuwo onke amanqaku aphambili kunye namaphepha asuka kwiCarbon Brief nge-imeyile.Fumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nencwadana yethu apha.
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