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Kwezi nyanga zimbalwa zidlulileyo, bekuqhuma umsi kwiitshimini ezinkulu ngaphandle kwesixeko saseMeerut e-Uttar Pradesh.Imizi-mveliso yeswekile kumaphondo asemantla eIndiya ilungisa ibhanti elide lokuthutha izikhondo zeswekile ngexesha lokusila iswekile, ukususela ngo-Oktobha ukuya kuAprili.Inkunkuma yezityalo ezimanzi iyatshiswa ukuze kuveliswe umbane, yaye umsi obangelwa koko ujinga phezu kwembonakalo-mhlaba.Noko ke, phezu kwako nje ukubonakala kwemisebenzi, ukubonelelwa kommoba ukondla eli shishini kuyancipha ngokwenene.
U-Arun Kumar Singh, oneminyaka engama-35 ubudala ongumlimi wommoba osuka kwilali yaseNanglamal, malunga nesiqingatha seyure ngemoto ukusuka eMeerut, ukhathazekile.Kwixesha lokukhula lika-2021-2022, isityalo sommoba sikaSingh sehliswe phantse ngama-30% – ulindele i-140,000 kg kwifama yakhe yeehektare ezi-5, kodwa kunyaka ophelileyo ufumene i-100,000 kg.
U-Singh utyhola irekhodi lobushushu bonyaka ophelileyo, ixesha lemvula eliguquguqukayo kunye nohlaselo lwezinambuzane ngenxa yesivuno esibi.Imfuno ephezulu yeswekile ikhuthaza amafama ukuba akhule amafama amatsha, anesivuno esiphezulu kodwa iintlobo eziguquguqukayo, watsho.Esalatha kwintsimi yakhe, wathi, “Olu didi lwaqala ukuvela malunga neminyaka esibhozo eyadlulayo kwaye lufuna amanzi amaninzi minyaka le.Phofu ke, akukho manzi aneleyo kwindawo yethu.”
Uluntu olungqonge iNanglamala liziko lokuvelisa i-ethanol esuka kwiswekile kwaye likwelona lizwe likhulu lokuvelisa iswekile eIndiya.Kodwa e-Uttar Pradesh nakulo lonke elaseIndiya, imveliso yommoba iyehla.Ngeli xesha, urhulumente ophakathi ufuna iimill zeswekile zisebenzise iswekile eyongezelelweyo ukuvelisa i-ethanol eninzi.
I-Ethanol inokufumaneka kwi-petrochemical esters okanye kwi-sugar cane, ingqolowa kunye nengqolowa, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-bioethanol okanye i-biofuels.Kuba ezi zityalo zinokuphinda zihlaziywe, i-biofuels zihlelwa njengomthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo.
I-Indiya ivelisa iswekile eninzi kunokuba isitya.Ngexesha le-2021-22 livelise i-39.4 yezigidi zeetoni zeswekile.Ngokutsho kukarhulumente, ukusetyenziswa kwasekhaya malunga ne-26 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka.Ukusukela ngo-2019, iIndiya ibisilwa neswekile glut ngokuthumela ngaphandle uninzi lwayo (ngaphezu kweetoni zezigidi ezili-10 kulo nyaka uphelileyo), kodwa abaphathiswa bathi kungcono ukuyisebenzisela imveliso ye-ethanol njengoko oko kuthetha ukuba iifektri zinokuvelisa ngokukhawuleza.Hlawula kwaye ufumane imali eninzi.ukuhamba.
I-Indiya iphinda ingenise amafutha amaninzi: i-185 yezigidi zeetoni zepetroli ngo-2020-2021 ezixabisa i-55 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, ngokutsho kwengxelo yetanki yokucinga yelizwe uNiti Aayog.Ngoko ke, ukudibanisa i-ethanol kunye nepetroli kucetywayo njengendlela yokusebenzisa iswekile, engasetyenziswanga ekhaya, ngelixa ifumana ukuzimela kwamandla.UNiti Aayog uqikelela ukuba umxube we-20: 80 we-ethanol kunye nepetroli uya kusindisa ilizwe ubuncinane kwi-4 yeebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni ngonyaka ngo-2025. Kunyaka ophelileyo, i-Indiya yasebenzisa i-3.6 yezigidi zeetoni, okanye malunga neepesenti ze-9, zeswekile kwimveliso ye-ethanol, kwaye iceba ukufikelela kwi-4.5-5 yezigidi zeetoni kwi-2022-2023.
Ngo-2003, uRhulumente wase-Indiya uye wasungula inkqubo ye-ethanol-blended petroli (EBP) ngethagethi yokuqala ye-5% ye-ethanol blend.Okwangoku, i-ethanol yenza malunga neepesenti ezili-10 zomxube.Urhulumente waseIndiya ubeke usukelo lokufikelela kwi-20% ngo-2025-2026, kwaye umgaqo-nkqubo uphumelele njengoko "uya kunceda i-India yomeleza ukhuseleko lwamandla, ivumele amashishini asekhaya kunye namafama ukuba athathe inxaxheba kuqoqosho lwamandla kwaye anciphise. ukukhutshwa kweemoto.”ukusekwa kweefektri zeswekile kunye nokwandiswa, ukususela ngo-2018 urhulumente unikezela ngenkqubo yenkxaso kunye noncedo lwezemali ngendlela yokuboleka imali.
"Iipropathi ze-ethanol zikhuthaza ukutsha okupheleleyo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweemoto ezifana ne-hydrocarbons, i-carbon monoxide kunye ne-particulates," watsho urhulumente, esongeza ukuba i-20 yepesenti yokudibanisa i-ethanol kwisithuthi esinamavili amane kuya kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon monoxide ngama-30 ekhulwini kunye nokunciphisa i-hydrocarbon. izinto ezikhutshwayo.ngama-30%.20% xa kuthelekiswa nepetroli.
Xa itshiswa, i-ethanol ivelisa i-20-40% yokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 ngaphantsi kwe-fuel eqhelekileyo kwaye ingathathwa njenge-carbon neutral njengoko izityalo zifunxa i-CO2 njengoko zikhula.
Nangona kunjalo, iingcali zilumkisa ukuba oku akuhoyi ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kwikhonkco lokubonelela nge-ethanol.Uphononongo lwase-US lwe-biofuel kunyaka odlulileyo lufumene ukuba i-ethanol inokufikelela kwi-24% ngaphezulu kwe-carbon-intensive kune-petroli ngenxa yokukhutshwa kokutshintsha kokusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwesichumisi kunye nomonakalo we-ecosystem.Ukusukela ngo-2001, iihektare ezingama-660,000 zomhlaba eIndiya ziguqulwe zaba ngummoba, ngokutsho kwamanani karhulumente.
"I-Ethanol ingaba yi-carbon-intensive njenge-oyile ye-fuel ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwiinguqu zokusetyenziswa komhlaba kwizityalo, ukuphuhliswa kobutyebi bamanzi kunye nenkqubo yonke yokuvelisa i-ethanol," kusho uDevinder Sharma, ingcali yezolimo kunye nezorhwebo.“Jonga eJamani.Ukuqonda oku, i-monocultures ngoku ityhafile. ”
Iingcali nazo zixhalabile ukuba i-drive yokusebenzisa i-sugar cane ukuvelisa i-ethanol ingaba nefuthe elibi kukhuseleko lokutya.
USudhir Panwar, isazinzulu ngezolimo nowayesakuba lilungu leState Planning Commission yaseUttar Pradesh, wathi njengoko ixabiso lommoba liya kuxhomekeka ngakumbi kwioli, “kuya kubizwa ngokuba sisityalo samandla.”Uthi oku, “kuya kukhokelela kwiindawo ezilima into enye, nto leyo eya kunciphisa ukuchumisa komhlaba ize yenze izilimo zibe sesichengeni sokuhlaselwa zizinambuzane.Oku kuya kukhokelela ekunqongopheni kokutya njengoko umhlaba namanzi eza kusiwa kwizityalo zamandla.”
E-Uttar Pradesh, amagosa ase-Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) kunye nabalimi beswekile base-Uttar Pradesh baxelele I-Third Pole ukuba iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba okwangoku azisetyenziselwanga ukukhawulelana nemfuno ekhulayo.Endaweni yoko, bathi, ukunyuka kwemveliso kuza ngenxa yentsalela ekhoyo kunye neendlela ezinzulu zokulima.
USonjoy Mohanty, i-CEO ye-ISMA, uthe ukubonelelwa ngokugqithisileyo kweswekile eIndiya kuthetha ukuba "ukufikelela kwithagethi ye-ethanol engama-20% ayizukuba yingxaki.""Ukuqhubela phambili, injongo yethu ayikokwandisa indawo yomhlaba, kodwa ukwandisa imveliso ukwandisa imveliso," wongezelela.
Ngelixa inkxaso-mali karhulumente kunye namaxabiso aphezulu e-ethanol azuze i-sugar mills, umlimi waseNanglamal u-Arun Kumar Singh uthe abalimi abazange bazuze kumgaqo-nkqubo.
Ummoba udla ngokukhuliswa ngokusikwa kwaye izivuno ziyehla emva kweminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwesixhenxe.Ekubeni izigayi zeswekile zifuna inani elikhulu le-sucrose, abalimi bayacetyiswa ukuba batshintshele kwiintlobo ezintsha kwaye basebenzise izichumisi zekhemikhali kunye nezibulala-zinambuzane.
USingh uthe ukongeza kumonakalo wemozulu njengobushushu bonyaka ophelileyo, uhlobo lwefama yakhe, elinywa kulo lonke elaseIndiya, lufuna isichumiso esingakumbi kunye nezibulali zinambuzane minyaka le.“Kuba nditshize kube kanye kuphela kwisityalo ngasinye, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngaphezulu kwesinye, nditshize kasixhenxe kulo nyaka,” utshilo.
“Ibhotile yesibulali-zinambuzane ixabisa i-$22 kwaye isebenza kumhlaba omalunga neehektare ezintathu.Ndinomhlaba [iihektare ezingama-30] kwaye kufuneka ndiwutshize izihlandlo ezisixhenxe okanye ezisibhozo kweli xesha lonyaka.Urhulumente unokunyusa inzuzo yesityalo se-ethanol, kodwa sifumana ntoni.Ixabiso lommoba linye, i-$4 ekhulwini [100 kg],” watsho uSundar Tomar, omnye umfama waseNanglamal.
USharma uthe imveliso yeswekile iwachithile amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwintshona ye-Uttar Pradesh, ummandla ojongene nokutshintsha kwemvula kunye nembalela.Ushishino lukwangcolisa imilambo ngokulahla izixa ezikhulu zezinto eziphilayo kwimijelo yamanzi: oomatshini bokugaya iswekile ngowona mthombo mkhulu wamanzi amdaka kwilizwe.Ngokuhamba kwexesha, oku kuya kwenza kube nzima ukukhulisa ezinye izityalo, utshilo uSharma, esongela ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko lokutya lwaseIndiya.
“EMaharashtra, ilizwe lesibini ngobukhulu elivelisa iswekile, iipesenti ezingama-70 zamanzi okunkcenkceshela zisetyenziselwa ukulima umoba, nto leyo esisi-4 ekhulwini sesityalo sikarhulumente,” utshilo.
“Sesiqalile ukuvelisa iilitha ezizizigidi ezingama-37 ze-ethanol ngonyaka kwaye sifumene imvume yokwandisa imveliso.Ukwanda kwemveliso kuzise ingeniso ezinzileyo kumafama.Siphinde sacoca phantse onke amanzi amdaka kulo mzi-mveliso,” utshilo uRajendra Kandpal, iCEO., Umzi-mveliso weswekile waseNanglamal ukucacisa.
“Kufuneka sifundise amafama ukuba anciphise ukusebenzisa kwawo izichumiso zekhemikhali kunye nezibulali zinambuzane kwaye atshintshele ekunkcenkcesheleni ngamathontsi okanye kwizitshizi.Ngokuphathelele umoba, odla amanzi amaninzi, oku ayisosizathu sokukhathazeka, kuba ilizwe lase-Uttar Pradesh lityebile emanzini. "Oku kuthethwe yi-Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) u-Abinash Verma, owayesakuba yi-CEO.I-Verma iphuhlise kwaye yasebenzisa umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ophakathi kwiswekile, iswekile kunye ne-ethanol, kwaye yavula isityalo sayo se-ethanol e-Bihar ngo-2022.
Ngenxa yeengxelo zokuhla kwemveliso yommoba eIndiya, uPanwar walumkisa nxamnye nokuphindaphinda amava aseBrazil ngowama-2009-2013, xa iimeko zemozulu eziguquguqukayo zabangela ukuba imveliso yommoba icuthe kwakunye nemveliso ephantsi ye-ethanol.
"Asinakutsho ukuba i-ethanol ihambelana nokusingqongileyo, inikwe zonke iindleko ilizwe elifanele livelise i-ethanol, uxinzelelo kwimithombo yendalo kunye nefuthe kwimpilo yamafama," kusho uPanwar.
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