Enkosi ngokundwendwela i-Nature.com.Inguqulelo yesikhangeli oyisebenzisayo inenkxaso enyiniweyo yeCSS.Ngowona mava angcono, sicebisa ukuba usebenzise isikhangeli esihlaziyiweyo (okanye uvale iModi yokuThelela kwi-Internet Explorer).Okwangoku, ukuqinisekisa inkxaso eqhubekayo, siya kunika isayithi ngaphandle kwezitayela kunye neJavaScript.
U-Chelsea Wold yintatheli ezimeleyo esekelwe eHague, eNetherlands kunye nombhali we-Daydream: Ukufuna okungxamisekileyo kweHlabathi Jikelele Ukutshintsha izindlu zangasese.
Iinkqubo zezindlu zangasese ezikhethekileyo zikhupha initrogen kunye nezinye izondlo kumchamo ukuze zisetyenziswe njengesichumiso kunye nezinye iimveliso.Ikhredithi yoMfanekiso: MAK/Georg Mayer/EOOS NEXT
IGotland, esona siqithi sikhulu saseSweden, sinamanzi amancinane amatsha.Kwangaxeshanye, abahlali bazamazamana namanqanaba ayingozi ongcoliseko oluvela kwezolimo kunye neenkqubo zogutyulo olubangela iintyatyambo zealgal eziyingozi kuLwandle lweBaltic.Bayakwazi ukubulala iintlanzi baze bagule abantu.
Ukunceda ukucombulula olu ngcelele lweengxaki zemekobume, esi siqithi sibeka amathemba aso kwinto enye engenakucingelwa ukuba ibabophelele: umchamo womntu.
Ukuqala ngo-2021, iqela lophando laqala ukusebenza nenkampani yasekuhlaleni eqesha izindlu zangasese eziphathwayo.Injongo kukuqokelela ngaphezulu kweelitha ezingama-70,000 zomchamo kwisithuba seminyaka emi-3 kwiindawo zokuchama ezingenamanzi kunye nezindlu zangasese ezinikezelweyo kwiindawo ezininzi ngexesha lonyaka labakhenkethi basehlotyeni.Eli qela livela kwiYunivesithi yaseSweden yeSayensi yezoLimo (i-SLU) e-Uppsala, eye yaphuhla inkampani ebizwa ngokuba yi-Sanitation360.Besebenzisa inkqubo eyaphuhliswa ngabaphandi, bawomisa umchamo kwiichunks ezifana nekhonkrithi, abathi emva koko bawucole ube ngumgubo baze bacinezele kwiigranule zesichumiso ezilingana nezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zasefama.Amafama asekuhlaleni asebenzisa isichumiso ukukhulisa irhasi, ethi ke ithunyelwe kwiindawo ezithengisa utywala ukuze kuvele i-ale enokuthi ibuyele kumjikelo emva kokusetyenziswa.
U-Prithvi Simha, injineli yeekhemikhali kwi-SLU kunye ne-CTO ye-Sanitation360, uthe injongo yabaphandi "kukuhamba ngaphaya kwengcamango kwaye usebenzise" ukusetyenziswa kwakhona komchamo kwinqanaba elikhulu.Injongo kukubonelela ngemodeli enokuxeliswa kwihlabathi liphela."Injongo yethu kukuba wonke umntu, yonke indawo, enze lo msebenzi."
Kuvavanyo lwase-Gotland, ibhali efakwe umchamo (ekunene) yathelekiswa nezityalo ezingavundiswanga (embindini) kunye nezichumisi zeminerali (ekhohlo).Umfanekiso wekhredithi: Jenna Senecal.
Iprojekthi yeGotland yinxalenye yeenzame ezifanayo zehlabathi zokwahlula umchamo kwamanye amanzi amdaka kunye nokuwusebenzisa kwakhona ube yimveliso efana nesichumisi.Lo mkhuba, owaziwa ngokuba yi-urine diversion, uphononongwa ngamaqela aseUnited States, eOstreliya, eSwitzerland, e-Ethiopia naseMzantsi Afrika, phakathi kwamanye.Ezi nzame zidlulela ngaphaya kweelabhoratri zaseyunivesithi.Imichamo engenamanzi idityaniswe neenkqubo zokulahlwa kwamagumbi angaphantsi kwiiofisi zaseOregon naseNetherlands.I-Paris iceba ukufaka izindlu zangasese ezihambisa umchamo kwindawo ehlala abantu abayi-1,000 ehlala kwindawo ye-14 yedolophu.I-European Space Agency iya kubeka izindlu zangasese ze-80 kwikomkhulu layo laseParis, eliya kuqalisa ukusebenza kamva kulo nyaka.Abaxhasi bokuphambukisa umchamo bathi ingafumana ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezisuka kwiindawo zomkhosi okwethutyana ukuya kwiinkampu zeembacu, amaziko atyebileyo asezidolophini kunye namatyotyombe athe kratya.
Izazinzulu zithi ukuphambukiswa komchamo, ukuba kusiwe kumlinganiselo omkhulu kwihlabathi jikelele, kunokuzisa iingenelo ezinkulu kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwimpilo yoluntu.Ngokuyinxenye oku kubangelwa kukuba umchamo unezondlo ezininzi ezingangcolisi amanzi yaye unokusetyenziselwa ukuchumisa izityalo okanye kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso.USimha uqikelela ukuba abantu bavelisa umchamo owaneleyo ukuze bathabathe indawo yesichumiso senitrogen nephosphate esikhoyo ehlabathini;ikwaqulethe i-potassium kunye nezinto ezininzi zokulandela umkhondo (jonga "Ii-Constituents kumchamo").Eyona nto ingcono kakhulu, ngokungagungxuli umchamo phantsi kombhobho, wonga amanzi amaninzi kwaye unciphise umthwalo kwinkqubo yokuguga kunye nomthwalo ogqithisileyo wogutyulo.
Ngokweengcaphephe zeli candelo, amacandelo amaninzi okuguqula umchamo angafumaneka ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yezindlu zangasese kunye neendlela zokulahla umchamo.Kodwa kukwakho nemiqobo emikhulu kutshintsho olusisiseko kwenye yezona nkalo zibalulekileyo zobomi.Abaphandi kunye neenkampani kufuneka bajongane nemiceli mngeni emininzi, ukusuka ekuphuculeni uyilo lwezindlu zangasese eziphambukisa umchamo ukwenza umchamo ube lula kwaye ujike ube yimveliso yexabiso.Oku kunokubandakanya iinkqubo zonyango lwekhemikhali eziqhagamshelwe kwizindlu zangasese okanye izixhobo ezingaphantsi komhlaba ezisebenza kwisakhiwo siphela kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokufumana kwakhona kunye nokugcinwa kwesiphumo esinesiphumo sokuxinana okanye esenziwa lukhuni (jonga "Ukusuka kumchamo ukuya kwiMveliso").Ukongeza, kukho imiba ebanzi yotshintsho lwentlalo kunye nokwamkelwa, edityaniswe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo enkcubeko enxulumene nenkunkuma yoluntu kunye neengqungquthela ezinzulu malunga namanzi amdaka amashishini kunye neenkqubo zokutya.
Njengoko uluntu lujamelene nokunqongophala kwamandla, amanzi, nezinto ezisetyenziswa kwezolimo nemizi-mveliso, ukuguqulelwa komchamo nokusetyenziswa kwakhona “kulucelomngeni olukhulu kwindlela esicoca ngayo ilindle,” ngokutsho kwesazi ngebhayoloji uLynn Broaddus, umcebisi wokugcinwa komchamo oseMinneapolis..“Uhlobo oluya kubaluleka ngakumbi.Minnesota, wayenguMongameli odlulileyo we-Aquatic Federation yase-Alexandria, Va., Umbutho wehlabathi jikelele weengcali zomgangatho wamanzi."Eneneni yinto yexabiso."
Kudala-dala, umchamo wawuyinto exabisekileyo.Ngaphambili, ezinye iindawo zaziwusebenzisa ukuchumisa izityalo, ukwenza ufele, ukuhlamba iimpahla nokwenza irhuluwa.Kwandula ke, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kweyama-20, imodeli yanamhlanje yolawulo lwamanzi amdaka yavela eGreat Britain yaza yanwenwa kulo lonke ihlabathi, yafikelela incopho kwinto ebizwa ngokuba bubumfama bomchamo.
Kulo mzekelo, izindlu zangasese zisebenzisa amanzi ukukhupha ngokukhawuleza umchamo, ilindle, kunye nephepha lendlu yangasese phantsi kombhobho, exutywe nolunye ulwelo olusuka ekhaya, kwimizi-mveliso, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha imijelo yesichotho.Kwimizi-mveliso yokucoca amanzi amdaka ephakathi, iinkqubo ezithatha amandla ngamandla zisebenzisa ii-microorganisms ukunyanga amanzi amdaka.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho yendawo kunye neemeko zesityalo sonyango, amanzi amdaka akhutshwe kule nkqubo asenokuba nenani elibalulekileyo le-nitrogen kunye nezinye izondlo, kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo.I-57% yabantu behlabathi ayiqhagamshelwanga kwisixokelelwano esisembindini sogutyulo konke konke (jonga “Ugutyulo lwabantu”).
Izazinzulu zisebenzela ukwenza iinkqubo ezibekwe embindini zizinzileyo kwaye zingangcoliseki kancinci, kodwa ukuqala ngeSweden ngeminyaka yoo-1990s, abanye abaphandi bafuna utshintsho olusisiseko.Inkqubela phambili ekupheleni kombhobho "yenye nje indaleko yento enye," utshilo uNancy Love, injineli yokusingqongileyo kwiDyunivesithi yaseMichigan eAnn Arbor.Ukuphambukisa umchamo kuya “kwenza utshintsho,” utshilo.Kuphononongo loku-1, olulinganisa iinkqubo zolawulo lwamanzi amdaka kumazwe amathathu ase-US, yena kunye noogxa bakhe bathelekisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kunye neenkqubo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ezicingelwayo eziphambukisa umchamo kwaye zisebenzise izondlo ezifunyenweyo endaweni yezichumisi zokwenziwa.Baqikelela ukuba uluntu olusebenzisa ukuphambukiswa komchamo lunokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse ngama-47%, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngama-41%, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ahlaziyekileyo malunga nesiqingatha, kunye nongcoliseko lwezondlo lwamanzi amdaka ngama-64%.iteknoloji esetyenziswayo.
Nangona kunjalo, lo mbono uhlala uli-niche kwaye ubukhulu becala ukhawulelwe kwiindawo ezizimeleyo ezinje nge-eco-villages yaseScandinavia, ulwakhiwo lwasemaphandleni, kunye nophuhliso kwiindawo ezinengeniso ephantsi.
UTove Larsen, injineli yemichiza kwiSwiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) eDübendorf, uthi uninzi lokusilela lubangelwa zizindlu zangasese ngokwazo.Eyokuqala yaziswa kwiimarike kwiminyaka yee-1990 kunye ne-2000, ezininzi izindlu zangasese ezihambisa umchamo zinesitya esincinci phambi kwazo ukuqokelela ulwelo, ukusetwa okudinga ukujoliswa ngokucophelela.Olunye uyilo lubandakanya amabhanti okuhambisa asebenza ngeenyawo avumela umchamo ukuba uphume njengoko umgquba uthuthwa usiwa kumgqomo womgquba, okanye izivamvo ezisebenzisa izivalo ezikhokelela umchamo kwindawo eyahlukileyo.
Indlu yangasese engumzekelo eyahlula umchamo kwaye yomisa ube ngumgubo ivavanywa kwikomkhulu lenkampani yaseSweden yamanzi kunye nogutyulo lwelindle iVA SYD eMalmö.Ikhredithi yoMfanekiso: EOOS NEXT
Kodwa kwiiprojekthi zovavanyo kunye nomboniso eYurophu, abantu abakhange bakwamkele ukusetyenziswa kwabo, utshilo uLarsen, ekhalaza ukuba zininzi kakhulu, ziyanuka kwaye azithembekanga.“Sasikruqukile ngokwenene ngumxholo wezindlu zangasese.”
Ezi nkxalabo zaphazamisa ukusetyenziswa kokuqala okukhulu kwezindlu zangasese ezihambisa umchamo, iprojekthi kwisixeko saseMzantsi Afrika sase-Ethekwini kwiminyaka yoo-2000.U-Anthony Odili, owenza izifundo zolawulo lwezempilo kwiDyunivesithi yaKwaZulu-Natal eThekwini, uthe ukwanda ngephanyazo kwemida yesixeko emva kocalucalulo kubangele ukuba abasemagunyeni bathathe indawo ezisemaphandleni ezingenazindlu zangasese namanzi.
Emva kokuqhambuka kwekholera ngoAgasti 2000, abasemagunyeni bakhawuleza bathumela amaziko aliqela ogutyulo awayehlangabezana neengxaki zemali, kuquka nezindlu zangasese ezomileyo ezihambisa imichamo ezimalunga nama-80 000, uninzi lwazo zisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje.Umchamo uthontelana emhlabeni usuka ngaphantsi kwendlu yangasese, kwaye ilindle liphelela kwindawo yokugcina apho isixeko siye sagalela rhoqo emva kweminyaka emihlanu ukusukela ngo-2016.
U-Odili uthe le projekthi idale iindawo ezikhuselekileyo zogutyulo kule ndawo.Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwenzululwazi yezentlalo luchonge iingxaki ezininzi ngeprogram.Nangona ingcamango yokuba izindlu zangasese zingcono kunanto, izifundo, kuquka ezinye zezifundo athathe inxaxheba kuzo, kamva zabonisa ukuba abasebenzisi ngokubanzi abazithandi, u-Odili uthe.Uninzi lwazo lwakhiwe ngezinto ezikumgangatho ophantsi kwaye azikhululeki ukuzisebenzisa.Ngelixa ezo zindlu zangasese kufuneka ngokwethiyori zithintele ivumba, umchamo wezindlu zangasese zaseThekwini uhlala uphelela kwindawo yokugcina ilindle, udala ivumba elibi.Ngokutsho kukaOdili, abantu “babengakwazi ukuphefumla ngokuqhelekileyo.”Ngaphezu koko, umchamo awusetyenziswanga.
Ekugqibeleni, ngokuka-Odili, isigqibo sokwazisa izindlu zangasese ezomileyo ezihambisa umchamo kwaba phezulu-phantsi kwaye akuthatheli ngqalelo izinto ezikhethwa ngabantu, ingakumbi ngenxa yempilo yoluntu.Uphononongo lwe3 luka-2017 lwafumanisa ukuba ngaphezu kwe-95% yabaphenduli baseThekwini bafuna ukufikelela kwizindlu zangasese ezifanelekileyo, ezingenavumba ezisetyenziswa ngabahlali abamhlophe besixeko, kwaye abaninzi baceba ukuzifaka xa iimeko zivuma.EMzantsi Afrika, izindlu zangasese kudala ziluphawu lokungalingani ngokobuhlanga.
Nangona kunjalo, uyilo olutsha lunokuba yinkqubela phambili ekuphambukeni komchamo.Ngo-2017, ekhokelwa ngumyili uHarald Grundl, ngokubambisana noLarsen kunye nabanye, i-Austrian design firm EOOS (i-spun off EOOS Next) ikhuphe umgibe womchamo.Oku kuphelisa imfuneko yokuba umsebenzisi ajolise, kwaye umsebenzi wokuguqula umchamo uphantse ungabonakali (jonga "Uhlobo olutsha lwendlu yangasese").
Isebenzisa utyekelo lwamanzi ukunamathela kumphezulu (okuthiwa yiketile effect kuba isebenza njengeketile ethontsizayo engaqhelekanga) ukwalathisa umchamo phambi kwendlu yangasese ukuya kumngxuma owahlukileyo (bona “Indlela Yokurisayikilisha Umchamo”). Iphuhliswe ngenkxaso-mali evela kwiBill & Melinda Gates Foundation eSeattle, eWashington, exhase uphando olubanzi kwi-innovation yangasese kwimimiselo yengeniso ephantsi, i-Urine Trap inokufakwa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwiimodeli eziphezulu ze-ceramic pedestal ukuya kwi-squat yeplastiki. iipani. Iphuhliswe ngenkxaso-mali evela kwiBill & Melinda Gates Foundation eSeattle, eWashington, exhase uphando olubanzi kwi-innovation yangasese kwimimiselo yengeniso ephantsi, i-Urine Trap inokufakwa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwiimodeli eziphezulu ze-ceramic pedestal ukuya kwi-squat yeplastiki. iipani. Ukuphuhliswa ngemali evela kwi-Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation e-Seattle, eWashington, eye yaxhasa uluhlu olubanzi lwe-innovation yophando lwezindlu zangasese eziphantsi, umgibe womchamo unokwakhiwa kuyo yonke into esuka kwiimodeli ezinepedestals ze-ceramic ukuya kwi-squats zeplastiki.iimbiza. Ephuhliswe ngemali evela kwiBill & Melinda Gates Foundation e-Seattle, eWashington, exhasa uphando olubanzi kwi-innovation yangasese yangasese ephantsi, umqokeleli womchamo unokwakhiwa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwiimodeli ezisekelwe kwi-ceramic-based based to plastic squat trays.Umenzi waseSwitzerland u-LAUFEN sele ekhupha imveliso ebizwa ngokuba "Gcina!"kwimarike yaseYurophu, nangona ixabiso layo liphezulu kakhulu kubathengi abaninzi.
IYunivesithi yaKwaZulu-Natal kunye neBhunga lesiXeko saseThekwini zikwavavanya izindlu zangasese ezibamba umchamo ezinokuthi ziphambukise umchamo kwaye zikhuphe inkunkuma.Ngeli xesha, isifundo sigxile ngakumbi kubasebenzisi.U-Odie unethemba lokuba abantu baya kukhetha izindlu zangasese ezintsha ezihambisa umchamo kuba zinuka ngcono kwaye kulula ukuzisebenzisa, kodwa uqaphela ukuba amadoda kufuneka ahlale phantsi ukuze achame, nto leyo yinguqu enkulu yenkcubeko.Kodwa ukuba izindlu zangasese "zikwamkelwe kwaye zamkelwe ngabantu abanengeniso ephezulu - ngabantu abavela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo - kuya kunceda ukusasazeka," utshilo.“Kufuneka sisoloko sine-lens yobuhlanga,” wongeze watsho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaphuhlisi into ebonwa “njengemnyama kuphela” okanye “ihlwempu kuphela.”
Ukwahlula umchamo kuphela linyathelo lokuqala ekuguquleni ucoceko.Inqaku elilandelayo liza kuthetha ukuba yintoni enokuyenza ngayo.Ezilalini, abantu banokuyigcina kwiivazi ukuze babulale naziphi na iintsholongwane baze bazigalele kumasimi.UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi wenza izindululo malunga nalo msebenzi.
Kodwa indawo yasezidolophini inzima kakhulu - oku kulapho uninzi lomchamo luveliswa khona.Bekungayi kuba luncedo ukwakha imijelo ehambisa amanzi amdaka ahlukeneyo kwisixeko sonke ukuzisa umchamo kwindawo esembindini.Kwaye ngenxa yokuba umchamo umalunga nama-95 ekhulwini amanzi, kubiza kakhulu ukuwugcina nokuwuhambisa.Ngoko ke, abaphandi bajolise ekumiseni, ekugxininiseni, okanye ngenye indlela ukukhupha izondlo kumchamo kwinqanaba lendlu yangasese okanye isakhiwo, ukushiya amanzi ngasemva.
Akuyi kuba lula, utshilo uLarson.Ngokwembono yobunjineli, “ipiss sisisombululo esibi,” utshilo.Ukongeza emanzini, uninzi yi-urea, i-nitrogen-rich compound eveliswa ngumzimba njengemveliso yeprotheni ye-metabolism.I-Urea iluncedo ngokwayo: inguqulelo eyenziweyo sisichumiso esiqhelekileyo senitrogen (jonga iiMfuno zeNitrogen).Kodwa iphinde ibenenkohliso: xa idityaniswe namanzi, i-urea ijika ibe yi-ammonia, nto leyo enika umchamo ivumba layo.Ukuba ayivulwanga, i-ammonia inokunuka, ingcolise umoya, kwaye ithabathe initrogen exabisekileyo.Icutshungulwa yi-enzyme ye-urease ehlala yonke indawo, le mpendulo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-urea hydrolysis, inokuthatha ii-microseconds ezininzi, isenza i-urease ibe yenye yezona enzymes zisebenzayo zaziwayo.
Ezinye iindlela zivumela i-hydrolysis ukuba iqhubeke.Abaphandi be-Eawag baye baphuhlisa inkqubo ephuculweyo eguqula umchamo we-hydrolyzed ube sisisombululo sezondlo ezigxininisiweyo.Okokuqala, kwi-aquarium, ii-microorganisms ziguqula i-ammonia eguquguqukayo ibe yi-ammonium nitrate engaguqukiyo, isichumisi esiqhelekileyo.I-distiller ke igxininisa ulwelo.I-subsidiary ebizwa ngokuba yi-Vuna, nayo esekelwe e-Dübendorf, isebenzela ukuthengisa inkqubo yezakhiwo kunye nemveliso ebizwa ngokuba yi-Aurin, evunyiweyo eSwitzerland kwizityalo zokutya okokuqala emhlabeni.
Abanye bazama ukunqanda ukusabela kwe-hydrolysis ngokunyusa okanye ukuthoba ngokukhawuleza i-pH yomchamo, odla ngokungathathi hlangothi xa ukhutshiwe.Kwikhampasi yeYunivesithi yaseMichigan, Uthando lusebenzisana ne-nonprofit Earth Abundance Institute eBrattleboro, eVermont, ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yezakhiwo ezisusa ulwelo lwe-citric acid kwizindlu zangasese eziphambukisayo kunye nezindlu zangasese ezingenamanzi.Amanzi aphuma kwimichamo.Umchamo ke ngoko ugxininiswe kukukhenkceza okuphindaphindiweyo nokunyibilika5.
Iqela le-SLU elikhokelwa yinjineli yokusingqongileyo uBjorn Winneros kwisiqithi saseGotland lavelisa indlela yokomisa umchamo kwi-urea eqinileyo exutywe nezinye izondlo.Iqela livavanya iprototype yabo yamva nje, indlu yangasese ezimeleyo enesomisi esakhelwe ngaphakathi, kwikomkhulu lamanzi aseSweden kunye nenkampani yogutyulo iVA SYD eMalmö.
Ezinye iindlela zijolise kwizondlo zomntu ngamnye kumchamo.Basenokudityaniswa ngokulula ngakumbi kumakhonkco obonelelo ngezichumiso kunye neekhemikhali zemizi-mveliso, utshilo injineli yeekhemikhali uWilliam Tarpeh, owayesakuba ngugqirha wezobugqirha eLove's ngoku okwiYunivesithi yaseStanford eCalifornia.
Indlela eqhelekileyo yokubuyisela i-phosphorus kumchamo we-hydrolyzed yongezwa kwe-magnesium, ebangela ukuvuthwa kwesichumisi esibizwa ngokuba yi-struvite.I-Tarpeh izama ngeegranules zemathiriyeli ye-adsorbent enokuthi isuse ngokukhetha i-nitrogen njenge-ammonia6 okanye i-phosphorus njenge-phosphate.Inkqubo yakhe isebenzisa incindi eyahlukileyo ebizwa ngokuba yiregenerant ethi iqukuqele kwiibhaloni emva kokuba ziphelile.I-regenerant ithatha izondlo kwaye ihlaziye iibhola kumjikelo olandelayo.Le yitekhnoloji ephantsi, indlela yokungenzi nto, kodwa ukuveliswa ngokutsha kwezorhwebo kubi kokusingqongileyo.Ngoku iqela lakhe lizama ukwenza iimveliso ezingabizi kakhulu kwaye zihambelana nokusingqongileyo (jonga "Ukungcola kwekamva").
Abanye abaphandi baphuhlisa iindlela zokuvelisa umbane ngokubeka umchamo kwiiseli zamafutha ezincinci.EKapa, ​​eMzantsi Afrika, elinye iqela liye lavelisa indlela yokwenza izitena zokwakha ezingaqhelekanga ngokuxuba umchamo, isanti kunye neentsholongwane ezivelisa urease zibe ngundo.Babala kuyo nayiphi na imilo ngaphandle kokudubula.I-European Space Agency iqwalasela umchamo woosomajukujuku njengomthombo wokwakha izindlu enyangeni.
"Xa ndicinga ngekamva elibanzi lokuphinda kusetyenziswe umchamo kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe amanzi amdaka, sifuna ukukwazi ukuvelisa iimveliso ezininzi ngangokunokwenzeka," utshilo uTarpeh.
Njengoko abaphandi belandela uluhlu lweengcinga zokuthengisa umchamo, bayazi ukuba lidabi elinyukayo, ngakumbi kwishishini elizinzile.Iinkampani zezichumiso kunye nokutya, amafama, abavelisi bezindlu zangasese kunye nabalawuli baye bacotha ukwenza utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yabo."Kuninzi ukungazinzi apha," utshilo uSimcha.
Ngokomzekelo, kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, uphando kunye nokufakwa kwemfundo ye-LAUFEN yonga!Oko kubandakanya ukuchitha imali kubakhi bezakhiwo, ukwakha kunye nokuthobela imimiselo kamasipala - kwaye oko akukenziwa, utshilo uKevin Ona, injineli yendalo esebenza ngoku kwiYunivesithi yaseWest Virginia eMorgantown.Uthe ukungabikho kweekhowudi kunye nemimiselo ekhoyo kudala iingxaki kulawulo lwamaziko, ngoko ke wazibandakanya neqela elaliphuhlisa iikhowudi ezintsha.
Inxalenye ye-inertia inokuba ngenxa yokoyika ukuxhathisa kwabathengi, kodwa uphando lwango-2021 lwabantu kumazwe ali-167 lwafumanisa ukuba kwiindawo ezifana neFransi, i-China kunye ne-Uganda, ukuzimisela ukutya ukutya okuqiniswe ngumchamo kwakusondele kwi-80% ( bona Ngaba abantu baya kudla yona?').
U-Pam Elardo, okhokela uLawulo lwaManzi amdaka njengosekela mlawuli we-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdawo yesiXeko saseNew York, uthe uyaluxhasa ulutsha olunjengokuphambukiswa komchamo njengoko iinjongo eziphambili zenkampani yakhe kukunciphisa ngakumbi ungcoliseko kunye nokuhlaziya izixhobo.Ulindele ukuba kwisixeko esinje ngeNew York, eyona ndlela isebenzayo nengabizi kakhulu yokuphambukisa umchamo kumchamo iya kuba ziinkqubo ezingaphandle kwegridi kwiretrofit okanye izakhiwo ezitsha, ezincediswa kulondolozo nokuqokelela imisebenzi.Ukuba abaqambi banokuyisombulula ingxaki, "kufuneka basebenze," utshilo.
Xa kujongwa le nkqubela phambili, uLarsen uqikelela ukuba ukuveliswa ngobuninzi kunye nokuzenzekela kobuchwepheshe bokuguqula umchamo kungabi kude.Oku kuya kuphucula imeko yeshishini kolu tshintsho kulawulo lwenkunkuma.Ukuphambukiswa komchamo “yeyona ndlela ilungileyo,” utshilo.“Obu kuphela kobugcisa obunokusombulula iingxaki zokutya ekhaya ngexesha elifanelekileyo.Kodwa abantu kufuneka benze izigqibo. ”
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Mazzei, L., Cianci, M., Benini, S. & Ciurli, S. Angew. Mazzei, L., Cianci, M., Benini, S. & Ciurli, S. Angew. Mazzei, L., Cianci, M., Benini, S. & Churli, S. Angue. Mazzei, L., Cianci, M., Benini, S. & Ciurli, S. Angew. Mazzei, L., Cianci, M., Benini, S. & Ciurli, S. Angew. Mazzei, L., Cianci, M., Benini, S. & Churli, S. Angue.Ikhemikhali.I-International Paradise IsiNgesi.58, 7415–7419 (2019).
Noe-Hays, A., Homeyer, RJ, Davis, AP & Love, NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays , A. , Homeyer , RJ , Davis , AP & Love , NG ACS EST Engg . Noe-Hays, A., Homeyer, RJ, Davis, AP & Love, NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays , A. , Homeyer , RJ , Davis , AP & Love , NG ACS EST Engg . Noe-Hays, A., Homeyer, RJ, Davis, AP & Love, NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays , A. , Homeyer , RJ , Davis , AP & Love , NG ACS EST Engg . Noe-Hays, A., Homeyer, RJ, Davis, AP & Love, NG ACS EST Engg. Noe-Hays , A. , Homeyer , RJ , Davis , AP & Love , NG ACS EST Engg .https://doi.org/10.1021/access.1c00271 (2021 г.).